Advances in Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicines and Its Active Ingredients Treating Dyslipidemia / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Dyslipidemia is a disease of lipid metabolism. At present, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in adults in China is as high as 40.40%. In the United States, there are more than 100 million individuals with abnormal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and the incidence rate is increasing year by year and showing a trend of becoming younger. Dyslipidemia is closely related to a variety of diseases such as fatty liver, atherosclerosis , hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. It has now developed into a global public health problem that seriously threatens human life and health. Modern medicine believes that its pathogenesis is complicated and is related to abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin resistance (IR) and other factors. Chinese medicine ascribes it to primary asthenia-secondary sthenia syndrome, which is closely related to the liver, spleen, and kidney. It is believed that excessive fat and grease can cause phlegm and cause many diseases. In terms of its treatment, western medicine mainly uses statin chemical synthesis preparations, with stable therapeutic effect, but many adverse reactions such as myalgia, myositis, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal injury are the main factors restricting its clinical application. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history, and multi-pathway, multi-target, multi-level regulation of dyslipidemia, few adverse reactions and low drug dependence are the principal advantages of TCM in treating dyslipidemia. At present, there are more and more researches on the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia by TCM, but they are mainly focused on the observation of curative effect and the summary of prescription, and there are relatively few in-depth discussion and summary of the mechanism of TCM. Through comprehensively retrieving and collating the relevant domestic and foreign literatures in the past five years, we reviews from the perspective of effective ingredients, therapeutic pathways, and targets of action, and comprehensively introduces the latest research progress of TCM on the mechanism of regulating dyslipidemia, and put forward some suggestions for the possible research direction in the future, in order to provide new ideas and theoretical basis for TCM in clinical prevention and treatment of this disease.

Effect of Bushen Tongluo Prescription on TGF-β1/Smads Pathway in Pulmonary Fibrosis Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of Bushen Tongluo prescription on the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin and the transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1)/Smads pathway protein in rats,and reveal the mechanism of this formula in inhibiting pulmonary fibrosis. Method:Totally 48 male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal group(8 rats),model group(10 rats),high and low-dose Bushen Tongluo group(10 rats)and hydrocortisone sodium succinate group(10 rats). The model of pulmonary fibrosis was made with bleomycin except for normal group.Since day 3 after surgery,14.2,7.1 g·kg-1 Bushen Tongluo prescription were given by ig in high and low-dose Bushen Tongluo groups,and 4.58 g·kg-1 hydrocortisone sodium succinate was given by gavage(ig) in normal group and model group.All of the rats were put to death after 28 days.The contents of hydroxyproline (HYP),hyaluronic acid (HA) and laminin (LN) were measured after the death of the rats.Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and Masson tricolor staining were used to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to observe the changes of mRNA and protein expressions of lung tissues TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad7 in each group. Result:Compared with normal group, the level of pulmonary fibrosis was more significant in model group, and the serum HYP,HA and LN were increased obviously(PPβ1, Smad2,Smad3 proteins and mRNA in lung tissues were increased obviously(PPPPPβ1, Smad2, Smad3 protein and mRNA were decreased obviously(PPConclusion:Bushen Tongluo prescription can effectively improve the pathological process of pulmonary fibrosis, and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of TGF-β1/Smads pathway.

Effect of rosmarinic acid from Sarcandra glabra in inhibiting proliferation and migration and inducing apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells via regulation of expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax / 中国中药杂志

Rosmarinic acid is one of anti-tumor ingredients in the Sarcandra glabra. After treatment with 0, 10, 30, 90, 270 and 810 μmol·L⁻¹ rosmarinic acid for 24, 48, 72 hours respectively, the inhibitory effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were observed by CCK-8 and cell wound healing test. No significant inhibition effecton proliferation and migration was observed in MCF-7 cell. However, 90, 270 and 810 μmol·L⁻¹ rosmarinic acid could inhibit the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry was further used to detect apoptosis ratios of MDA-MB-231 cells after Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, and significant apoptosis was observed after rosmarinic acid treatment. Real-time PCR and Western blot tests were carried out to detect the expressions of apoptosis-related genes. The down-regulation of the Bcl-2 expression and the up-regulation of the Bax expression were observed in MDA-MB-231 cells after rosmarinic acid treatment. The results suggested that rosmarinicacid can inhibit the proliferation and migration, and induce the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells, which may be correlated with the down-regulation of Bcl-2 gene and the up-regulation of Bax gene.

Changes in Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity among Chinese Adults over a Ten-year Period / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to describe changes in waist circumference (WC) and prevalence of abdominal obesity over a period of 10 years among Chinese adults in different socio-economic status (SES).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data derived from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during 2002 and 2010-2012. We calculated the mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity by gender, place of residence, SES indicators (education, income, and marital status), and body mass index (BMI) categoriesand used pooled t-tests to assess the differences between the two time periods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>26.0% of men and 25.3% of women had abdominal obesity in 2010-2012. The age-adjusted mean WC increased by 2.7 cm among men and 2.1 cm among women; the age-adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased by 7.7% among men and 5.3% among women. The rising trends were observed in all subgroups except for a negative growth in high-income women. People living in rural areas with low education and income and with a BMI of 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2 had a greater absolute and relative increase in WC. People living in rural areas with low income had a greater relative increase in abdominal obesity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The mean WC and prevalence of abdominal obesity among Chinese adults have increased during the past 10 years. Gender differences were noted using various SES indicators.</p>

Comparison of Undernutrition Prevalence of Children under 5 Years in China between 2002 and 2013 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the undernutrition status of children under 5-year in China, and study the trend between 2002 and 2013).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study was based on two national surveys. Undernutrition was determined against WHO's 2006 growth standards. The prevalence in 2013 and 2002 was weighted by China sixth National Population Census (2010). The relationship between undernutrition and gender/age groups/different areas use weighted logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results indicated the overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting of Chinese children under 5-year was 8.1%, 2.4%, and 1.9% in 2013, respectively. The prevalence of stunting was higher for children aged 12-47 month, while underweight was higher for children aged 48-59 month. The prevalence of undernutrition was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, especially in poor rural areas. There was a decline of stunting, underweight, and wasting between 2002 and 2013 among the children, with greater reduction in rural areas than in urban areas.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of undernutrition of children under 5-year remains high in rural areas especially in poor rural areas in China. It is urgent to take action to control undernutrition in the vulnerable areas and subgroups.</p>

The nutrition status of special population living in the areas affected by Wenchuan Earthquake after 3 months / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate and analyze the nutritional status of infants, preschool and primary school students, pregnant and lactating women in Wenchuan earthquake disaster area after 3 months.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In August 2008, the nutritional and health status information of special population were collected and evaluated using the questionnaires, anthropometric and hemoglobin concentration measurements from four settlements of villages and towns in Mao and Mianzhu Country of Sichuan and Kang Country and Wudu District in Gansu provinces. A total of 236 infants aged below 36 months, 48 preschool children, 368 primary students, 32 pregnant women and 72 lactating women were investigated. Principal investigator indexes included the low body weight, growth retardation, anemia prevalence, two-week prevalence of diarrhea and respiratory disease, food intake and nutrition-related diseases, the percentage of patients morbidity of 36 months infants, preschool and primary school students; the prevalence of anemia, the prevalence of nutrition-related diseases of pregnant and lactating women.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The stunting prevalence was 14.6% (34/236) and the anemia prevalence was up to 40.1% (61/236) among infants younger than 36 months. Besides, the percentages of infants and young children suffered from the respiratory-infected disease and diarrhea within recent two weeks were 40.4% (95/236) and 30.2% (71/236) respectively. The percentage of low body weight of preschool children was 14.6% (7/48) and the growth retardation and anemia prevalence was 14.6% (7/48) and 39.6% (19/48), respectively. Among primary students, 6.3% (23/368) showed growth retardation and 12.2% (45/368) were anemia. The prevalence of anemia status of pregnant women and lactating mothers were 53.9% (17/32) and 24.4% (18/72) respectively. The main food composition of 45.8% (33/72) lactating women were grain and vegetables, 29 (40.3%), 32 (44.4%), 28 (38.9%) and 53 (73.6%) lactating women did not have animal originated (including meat, aquatic, livestock and poultry products) food, eggs, beans and their products, milk and dairy products, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Special population lived in disaster area have suffered different degree of malnutrition. The main dietary pattern was vegetable food. The consumption of meat, eggs, milk and milk products was relatively insufficient.</p>

Effect of Wenyang Yiqi Pingchuan recipe on pathomorphology of lung and its regulation on lung tissue contents of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in rats with bronchial asthma / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of Wenyang Yiqi Pingchuan Recipe (WYPR) on the pathomorphology of lung and its regulation on lung tissue contents of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in rats with bronchial asthma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: the normal group, the model group, and the four treated groups treated with high dose WYPR, low dose WYPR, Guilong Kechuanning Capsule and aminophylline, respectively, 10 in each group. Except those in the normal group, all rats of bronchial asthma model were established by egg protein sensitization and provocated by inhalation. The treatments were given via gastrogavage every day starting from the first provocation (the 3rd week of modeling) to the execution. Rats were sacrificed after 4-week treatment, their lung was taken for determining the contents of NO and ET-1, and histopathological changes in lung were observed as well.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal group, the contents of NO and ET-1 in the lung tissue, the thickness of bronchus wall and bronchus smooth muscle, the number of eosinophil granulocytes increased in the model group and the low dose WYPR group, showing statistical significance (P < 0. 01). As compared with the model group, all the above-mentioned indices were lower in all the 4 treated groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but the lowering in the WYPR treated groups (either high or low dose) was more significant than in the Guilong Kechuanning treated group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); while compared with the aminophylline treated group, the high dose WYPR group was superior in reducing eosinophile granulocytes (P < 0.01), but no significance between them was shown in NO and ET-1 levels (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>WYPR could reduce the eosinophilic infiltration, decrease the contents of NO and ET-1 in the lung tissue, restrain the air passage inflammation and inhibit the pathological process as airway remodeling.</p>

Comparison of the dietary phytosterols intake and serum lipids content in elderly women from three cities of China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the dietary phytosterol intake of elderly women in three different cities of China, and to compare the main dietary sources, so that to discuss the relationship of dietary phytosterol intake and serum lipids.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on the dietary pattern, women more than 50 years old from Beijing, Hefei and Urumchi were chosen as testers, 80 - 100 people for each city respectively. The dietary survey was done by continues 24 hours review of two days, the plant food were collected and the phytosterol content (include beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitostanol) were analyzed by GC methods, the total phytosterols content were calculated. The dietary phytosterol intake were calculated and serum lipids were also analyzed in all the testers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Testers from Beijing, Hefei and Urumchi were 100, 101 and 84 respectively. The average dietary phytosterol intake of people in Beijing and Hefei were 340.3 mg/d and 313.5 mg/d, the main sources were plant oil and cereals, while the average dietary phytosterol intake of people in Urumchi were 550.4 mg/d, higher than the other two cities (t values were 9.369, 10.420, respectively, both P values < 0.01), the main source in Urumchi was cereal (provide 53.1% of the total phytosterol intake). The laboratory results showed, testers in Urumchi had significantly lower serum TC content ((4.04 +/- 0.78) mmol/L) than that in Beijing ((4.89 +/- 0.91) mmol/L) and Hefei ((4.71 +/- 0.83) mmol/L) (t value were 6.766 and 5.401 respectively, both P values < 0.01); serum TG content in Urumchi((1.01 +/- 0.48) mmol/L) was also lower than that in Beijing ((1.31 +/- 0.53) mmol/L) and Hefei ((1.66 +/- 0.75) mmol/L) (t values were 3.343 and 7.293 respectively, both P values < 0.01); the serum glucose is also lower in testers in Urumchi ((5.02 +/- 2.18) mmol/L) compared with testers in Beijing ((5.69 +/- 1.53) mmol/L, t = 2.561, P < 0.05) and Hefei ((5.78 +/- 1.53) mmol/L, t = 2.934, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Different dietary pattern result in significantly different dietary phytosterol intake in elder women in three cities, higher, phytosterol intake seemed to contribute to lower serum lipids.</p>

Changes of waist circumference distribution and the prevalence of abdominal adiposity among Chinese adults from 1993 to 2006 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To describe the changes of waist circumference distribution and the prevalence of abdominal adiposity on Chinese adults aged 20-65,from 1993 to 2006.Methods This paper was based on the data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1993,1997,2000,2004 and 2006,and the subjects were men and women from 20 to 65 years old.Using the LMS method to construct the 15".50".and 85"percentile waist circumference percentile curves.The recommended cut-off points for abdominal adiposity were 85 cm and above for males and 80 cm and above for females.suggested in the"Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity Prevention and Control for Chinese Adults"in defining abdominal adiposity.Resuits Compared with 1993,the 2006 waist circumference distribution curves flattened and expanded at higher levels in males and females.The waist circumference increased from 77.1 cm to 82.9 cm among males and from 75.8 cm to 78.9 cm among females.A gradient of increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity was also observed in both sexes.In males,the prevalence increased from 17.9%to 42.5%while in females.it increased from 28.8%to 46.9%.Similar trends of increasing waist circumference and abdominal obesity were observed in underweight,normal weight,overweight and obesity.Subjects defined by body mass index(BMI)suggesting that primary prevention of abdominal obesity should be viewed as one of the major public health problems in China.Conclusion This study indicated that the rapid increase in waist circumference among Chinese adults from 1993 to 2006.A gradient of increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity was also observed in males and females.unless measures are taken to slow the increase in the course of the abdominal adiposity epidemic.the burden of obesity assoeiated morbidity and mortality in the Chinese can be expected to increese in future years.

Incidence of low birth weight of neonates and the influencing factors in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the incidence of low birth weight and identify the influencing factors in China in 2006.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The national survey was performed by stratified random cluster sampling method in 43 cities and counties in 14 provinces. The subjects were all live neonates during May to October in 2006. Their body weight was measured according to the standardization conducted by the national research team, while the information of all infants was investigated by questionnaires. Non-conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 18 554 infants investigated, the incidence of low birth weight was 4.6% in 2006 in China, being 3.2%, 4.4%, and 6.3% in eastern middle and western areas respectively. The incidence of low birth weight were 3.9% in urban and 4.8% in rural. The results of logistic regression analysis suggested that maternal education (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.181 approximately 1.861), body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.229 - 1.876), body weight gain in gestation period (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.246 - 1.965), gestational weeks (OR = 20.16; 95% CI: 15.456 - 26.297), multiple birth (OR = 12.11; 95% CI: 9.229 - 15.893), gestation syndrome, and nutrition instruction (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.550 - 0.798) were associated with low birth weight significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The main factors resulting in low birth weight in neonates are maternal education, BMI before pregnancy, body weight gain in gestation period, pregnancy age, multiple birth, gestation syndrome, and nutrition instruction.</p>

Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the current situation and trends of mean weight and height of the Chinese people.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Subjects of 71,971 households from 31 provinces were selected by stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Height from 210 136 and weight from 202 749 subjects aged 2-79 years were used to describe their trends of development during 1992-2002. The height of children younger than 3 years of age was measured by infant height bed while the others were measured by metal height pole within 0.1 cm accuracy. Fasting body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Data on the mean height (cm) of Chinese children aged 2, 6, 11, 17 years were gathered which include: 1) in urban area: boys as 90.1 (2y), 118.4 (6y), 144.9 (11y), 170.2 (17y); girls as: 89.0 (2y), 117.0 (6y), 145.8 (11y), 158.6 (17y); 2) in rural area:boys as 87.6 (2y), 113.1 (6y), 139.2 (11y), 166.3 (17y) while girls as 86.2 (2y), 112.9 (6y), 140.0 (11y), 157.0 (17y). When compared to the results from 1992, the average height increased among all age groups. The values of increase among different groups aged 2-5 years were seen as: 3.6 cm of boys in urban and 3.0 cm of boys in rural areas while 3.8 cm of girls in urban and 3.0 cm of girls in rural areas. Among the aged 6-19 year groups, the average increasing values of height were 3.1 cm, 3.4 cm, 2.8 cm and 3.1 cm of city boys, rural boys, city girls and rural girls, respectively versus adults as 0.7 cm, 0.9 cm, 0.6 cm and 1.0 cm, respectively. The mean weight (kg) of Chinese children aged 2, 6, 11, 17 years were listed as below: boys in urban area: 13.5 (2y), 22.2 (6y), 37.4 (11y), 58.7 (17y); girls in urban area: 12.7 (2y), 21.2 (6y), 36.7 (11y), 51.9 (17y); boys in rural area: 12.8 (2y), 19.4 (6y), 31.9 (11y), 54.9 (17y); girls in rural area: 11.9 (2y), 18.7 (6y), 31.8 (11y), 51.2 (17y). The average weights of all age groups on 2002 were all higher than their same age counterparts in 1992. The average increasing values of weight among children aged 2-5 years were 1.0 kg, 0.6 kg, 0.8 kg and 0.5 kg for city boys, rural boys, city girls and rural girls, respectively. Among the aged 6-19 year groups, they were 2.0 kg, 1.5 kg, 1.4 kg and 1.1 kg, while among the adults aged 20-70 years, they were 3.2 kg, 3.0 kg, 1.6 kg and 2.9 kg, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both mean weight and height had a remarkable increase and the physical status improved among all age groups for the last ten years.</p>

Effect of zhitiaokang capsule on serum insulin-like growth factor-2 in patients with hyperlipidemia / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of Zhitiaokang capsule (ZTK) on serum insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) in patients with hyperlipidemia (HLP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Patients with HLP were randomly divided into the treated group (n = 124) and the control group (n = 62), they were treated by ZTK and Zhibituo tablet respectively for 8 weeks as one therapeutic course. The changes of blood lipids and serum IGF-2 before and after treatment were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ZTK could significantly reduce blood lipids and increase serum content of IGF-2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ZTK could improve the insulin resistant status and inhibit the development of hyperlipidemia in patients by means of raising serum content of IGF-2 and suppressing vascular endothelial cell apoptosis.</p>

Effect of Zhongfengkang on the content of insulin-like growth factor-1 in brain of the rats with focal cerebral ischemia / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of Zhongfengkang on the content of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in brain of focal cerebral ischemia rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The model of focal cerebral ischemia was made by thread-blocking method. In comparison with the curative effect of buchangnaoxintong, the action of Zhongfengkang on infarct volume and the content of IGF-1 in brain of focal cerebral ischemia rats were observed in 6, 12, 24 h and 48 h after cerebral ischemia.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>As compared with sham operation group, the content of IGF-1 in brain of model group was gradually increased from 6th hour after cerebral ischemia, reaching to the maximal level at 24th hour after the onset of cerebral ischemia (P < 0.01). In comparison with the values in model group at the corresponding time points, the content of IGF-1 in brain of each treatment groups was increased in different extent with a maximal enhancement in the group treated by the high dose of Zhongfengkang (P < 0. 05 or P < 0.01); while the infarct volume of each treatment groups were decreased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Zhongfengkang could effectively protect the cerebral tissue from injury of focal cerebral ischemia in the rats through increasing the cerebral content of IGF-1 and reducing infarct volume.</p>